Changes/SystemdSecurityHardening

Enable systemd service hardening features for default system services

This is a proposed Change for Fedora Linux.
This document represents a proposed Change. As part of the Changes process, proposals are publicly announced in order to receive community feedback. This proposal will only be implemented if approved by the Fedora Engineering Steering Committee.

Summary

Improve security by enabling some of the high level systemd security hardening settings that isolate and sandbox default system services.

Owner

• Name: Rahul Sundaram
• Email: metherid@gmail.com

• Targeted release: Fedora 40
• Last updated: 2023-11-16
• [<will be assigned by the Wrangler> devel thread]
• FESCo issue: <will be assigned by the Wrangler>
• Tracker bug: <will be assigned by the Wrangler>
• Release notes tracker: <will be assigned by the Wrangler>

Detailed Description

systemd provides a number of settings that can harden security for services. We are selecting a few high level ones to enable by default.

• PrivateTmp=yes
• ProtectSystem=yes/full/strict
• ProtectHome=yes/read-only
• PrivateDevices=yes
• ProtectKernelTunables=yes
• ProtectKernelModules=yes
• ProtectKernelLogs=yes
• ProtectControlGroups=yes
• NoNewPrivileges=yes
• PrivateNetwork=yes

If we want to go further, we could consider the following on a case by case basis:

• LockPersonality=yes
• ProtectHostname=yes
• ProtectClock=yes
• SystemCallArchitectures=native
• RestrictSUIDSGID=yes
• RemoveIPC=yes
• MemoryDenyWriteExecute=yes
• KeyringMode=private

Certain services have a very targeted scope. For instance, a service that only needs to read or write from only one directory could leverage more fine grained settings to restrict access even further. We will enable as many of these as feasible for the services but not every knob is going to be applicable to every service. For example, ProtectHome=yes wouldn't work for any of the systemd user services, but ProtectHome=read-only by default is ok and PrivateNetwork=yes can only be used for services that work purely locally. We will aim to cover all the default system services as well as some of the most commonly used services such as Nginx or PostgreSQL. All of these settings need to be configured on a per service basis instead of global override to avoid impacting users on upgrades. As a base starting point, from Fedora 39 workstation, we have the following system services installed by default which should considered within the scope of the change (excluding systemd associated ones which already have a number of these security settings enabled). We may also consider doing this for some of the high profile services including say Nginx and PostgreSQL permitting time considerations and other contributors if any joining this effort.

• abrtd.service
• abrt-journal-core.service
• abrt-oops.service
• abrt-pstoreoops.service
• abrt-vmcore.service
• abrt-xorg.service
• accounts-daemon.service
• alsa-restore.service
• alsa-state.service
• anaconda-direct.service
• anaconda-fips.service
• anaconda-nm-config.service
• anaconda-nm-disable-autocons.service
• anaconda-noshell.service
• anaconda-pre.service
• anaconda.service
• anaconda-sshd.service
• arp-ethers.service
• auditd.service
• auth-rpcgss-module.service
• avahi-daemon.service
• blivet.service
• blk-availability.service
• bluetooth.service
• bolt.service
• brltty.service
• canberra-system-bootup.service
• canberra-system-shutdown-reboot.service
• canberra-system-shutdown.service
• chronyd-restricted.service
• chronyd.service
• chrony-wait.service
• colord.service
• console-getty.service
• cups-browsed.service
• cups.service
• dbus-broker.service
• dbus-daemon.service
• dbus-org.freedesktop.hostname1.service
• dbus-org.freedesktop.import1.service
• dbus-org.freedesktop.locale1.service
• dbus-org.freedesktop.login1.service
• dbus-org.freedesktop.machine1.service
• dbus-org.freedesktop.portable1.service
• dbus-org.freedesktop.timedate1.service
• debug-shell.service (opens a user shell that must be able to do arbitrary stuff)
• dm-event.service
• dnf-makecache.service
• dnf-system-upgrade-cleanup.service
• dnf-system-upgrade.service
• dnsmasq.service
• dracut-cmdline.service
• dracut-initqueue.service
• dracut-mount.service
• dracut-pre-mount.service
• dracut-pre-pivot.service
• dracut-pre-trigger.service
• dracut-pre-udev.service
• dracut-shutdown-onfailure.service
• dracut-shutdown.service
• emergency.service (opens a user shell that must be able to do arbitrary stuff)
• fedora-third-party-refresh.service
• firewalld.service
• flatpak-add-fedora-repos.service
• flatpak-system-helper.service
• fprintd.service
• fsidd.service
• fstrim.service
• fwupd-offline-update.service
• fwupd-refresh.service
• fwupd.service
• gdm.service
• geoclue.service
• grub-boot-indeterminate.service
• gssproxy.service
• htcacheclean.service
• httpd.service
• httpd.service.d
• hypervfcopyd.service
• hypervkvpd.service
• hypervvssd.service
• iio-sensor-proxy.service
• import-state.service
• initrd-cleanup.service
• initrd-parse-etc.service
• initrd-switch-root.service
• initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service
• instperf.service
• ipp-usb.service
• iscsid.service
• iscsi-init.service
• iscsi-onboot.service
• iscsi.service
• iscsi-shutdown.service
• iscsi-starter.service
• iscsiuio.service
• kdump.service
• kmod-static-nodes.service
• ldconfig.service
• libvirtd.service
• libvirt-guests.service
• livesys-late.service
• livesys.service
• loadmodules.service
• logrotate.service
• low-memory-monitor.service
• lvm2-lvmdbusd.service
• lvm2-lvmpolld.service
• lvm2-monitor.service
• man-db-cache-update.service
• man-db-restart-cache-update.service
• mcelog.service
• mdcheck_continue.service
• mdcheck_start.service
• mdmonitor-oneshot.service
• mdmonitor.service
• ModemManager.service
• ndctl-monitor.service
• netavark-dhcp-proxy.service
• NetworkManager-dispatcher.service
• NetworkManager.service
• NetworkManager-wait-online.service
• nfs-blkmap.service
• nfsdcld.service
• nfs-idmapd.service
• nfs-mountd.service
• nfs-server.service
• nfs-utils.service
• nftables.service
• nis-domainname.service
• nm-priv-helper.service
• numad.service
• nvmefc-boot-connections.service
• nvmf-autoconnect.service
• ostree-boot-complete.service
• ostree-finalize-staged-hold.service
• ostree-finalize-staged.service
• ostree-prepare-root.service
• ostree-remount.service
• packagekit-offline-update.service
• packagekit.service
• pam_namespace.service
• pcscd.service
• plocate-updatedb.service
• plymouth-halt.service
• plymouth-kexec.service
• plymouth-poweroff.service
• plymouth-quit.service
• plymouth-quit-wait.service
• plymouth-read-write.service
• plymouth-reboot.service
• plymouth-start.service
• plymouth-switch-root-initramfs.service
• plymouth-switch-root.service
• podman-auto-update.service
• podman-clean-transient.service
• podman-restart.service
• podman.service
• polkit.service
• power-profiles-daemon.service
• psacct.service
• qemu-guest-agent.service
• qemu-pr-helper.service
• quotaon.service
• raid-check.service
• rc-local.service (this can do arbitrary stuff)
• realmd.service
• rescue.service
• rpcbind.service
• rpc-gssd.service
• rpc-statd-notify.service
• rpc-statd.service
• rpmdb-migrate.service
• rpmdb-rebuild.service
• rtkit-daemon.service
• saslauthd.service
• selinux-autorelabel-mark.service
• selinux-autorelabel.service
• selinux-check-proper-disable.service
• speech-dispatcherd.service
• spice-vdagentd.service
• spice-webdavd.service
• sshd.service
• ssh-host-keys-migration.service
• sssd-autofs.service
• sssd-kcm.service
• sssd-nss.service
• sssd-pac.service
• sssd-pam.service
• sssd.service
• sssd-ssh.service
• sssd-sudo.service
• switcheroo-control.service
• system-update-cleanup.service
• tcsd.service
• thermald.service
• udisks2.service
• unbound-anchor.service
• upower.service
• uresourced.service
• usbmuxd.service
• vboxclient.service
• vboxservice.service
• vgauthd.service
• virtinterfaced.service
• virtlockd.service
• virtlogd.service
• virtnetworkd.service
• virtnodedevd.service
• virtnwfilterd.service
• virtproxyd.service
• virtqemud.service
• virtsecretd.service
• virtstoraged.service
• vmtoolsd.service
• wpa_supplicant.service
• zfs-fuse-scrub.service
• zfs-fuse.service
• zvbid.service

We will encourage package maintainers to follow https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/package-maintainers/Staying_Close_to_Upstream_Projects/ and upstream these changes. Systemd will ignore any of these settings it does not understand on older versions. Hence this should be safe for upstream to merge on any services.

Benefit to Fedora

Fedora services will get a significant security boost by default by avoiding or mitigating any unknown security vulnerabilities in default system services.

Scope

• Proposal owners: Individual per service pull requests to enable various security features as applicable.
• Other developers: Review PRs as needed
• Release engineering: https://pagure.io/releng/issue/11785
• Policies and guidelines:

Packaging guidelines will have to be modified to add recommendations to use more of the systemd security features by default. In particular, we should add a security settings section in https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Packaging:Systemd. Current the guidance only recommends a couple of settings for long running services. Sample text:

Systemd services included in Fedora are recommended to use as many of the following security settings as applicable while maintaining the default functionality of the service.

• PrivateTmp=yes
• ProtectSystem=yes/full/strict
• ProtectHome=yes
• PrivateDevices=yes
• ProtectKernelTunables=yes
• ProtectKernelModules=yes
• ProtectKernelLogs=yes
• ProtectControlGroups=yes
• NoNewPrivileges=yes
• PrivateNetwork=yes

The full list of sandboxing features are available in https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/systemd.exec.html#Sandboxing. Note that if you are submitting changes to upstream as recommended, systemd will warn and ignore any of these features it doesn't support. So it should be safe for upstream to enable as many of these features as applicable and not worry about distribution support for ones using older versions of systemd.

• Trademark approval: N/A

Upgrade/compatibility impact

Packages will automatically get additional security features enabled by default transparently.

How To Test

You can use tools like systemd-analyze security and systemctl cat to verify that specific security features are enabled by default. Default services with the default features should have no adverse impact and users shouldn't have to do anything beyond using the software as intended and report any regressions. High profile services not installed by default that gain these security features would benefit from more targeting testing to spot any unintended consequences especially for niche or advanced functionality. If advanced non-default functionality requires overrides default settings, we can document those in the release notes to provide guidance.

User Experience

This should be largely transparent change for users. The goal is to have the services work as expected with the default functionality but to potentially require tweaking the settings if the configuration is changed by users. For instance, if we add ProtectHome=yes to Apache httpd.service and the user wishes to serve files out of their home directory, they will need to override the systemd setting to ProtectHome=read-only to allow for the service to read from the user home directory in addition to changing the service specific configuration files to enable this feature.

Dependencies

None. We are merely enabling some of systemd security features by default for default system services and potentially some high profile services.

Contingency Plan

• Contingency mechanism: These settings can be enabled/disabled at a per service level. No wholesale reverts is necessary. If we don't finish the work for all the services, we can follow up in future releases.
• Contingency deadline: N/A
• Blocks release? No

Documentation

• https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/systemd.exec.html#Sandboxing
• https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/systemd-secure-services
• https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/mastering-systemd

Release Notes

systemd security hardening features are enabled for default system services and following high profile services.

• PostgreSQL
• Apache Httpd
• Nginx
• MariaDB

....

If you wish to turn off any particular settings, you can follow the standard systemd method of overriding the config. For example,

$ cat /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d/override.conf

[Service]

ProtectHome=no

$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload

$ sudo systemctl restart httpd.service

$ systemctl status httpd.service

● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server

    Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Drop-In: /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d
            └─override.conf
    Active: active (running) since Mon 2023-11-15 18:29:25 EST; 3min 30s ago