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</pre> | </pre> | ||
Per installare <code>mkfs.vfat</code> avviare il comando <code>yum install dosfstools</code> come | Per installare <code>mkfs.vfat</code> avviare il comando <code>yum install dosfstools</code> come root. | ||
== Download an ISO == | == Download an ISO == | ||
Revision as of 17:52, 25 July 2012
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This page is not translated completely. Language target: italian
Questa pagina spiega come creare ed usare una Fedora su support0 USB. Una live USB memorizzata in una memoria flash, a volte chiamata stick, permette l'avvìo di qualsiasi computer USB-bootable in un ambiente Fedora senza la scrittura fisica del disco rigido. Il Live USB può disporre di un'area per la memorizzazione delle modifiche di sistema, chiamata persistent overlay (letteralmente, strato persistente). Può anche avere un'area di memorizzazione separata per i dati dell'utente come download e documenti con opzioni per la criptazione. Infine con un'installazione non distruttiva, i file preesistenti e lo spazio in eccesso saranno accessibili dal sistema. Essenzialmente sarebbe un PC tascabile avviabile ovunque possibile.
Con gli attuali rilasci di Fedora è possibile masterizzare le immagini d'installazione non-live di Fedora (DVD ed installazioni in rete) in un dispositivo USB, molti utenti le ritengono più convenienti e veloci rispetto ai CD.
Il processo per molti utenti è semplice. Quasi tutte le chiavette USB sono pronte all'uso. Se contengono documenti, non è una cattiva idea farne una copia prima di iniziare.
- Scaricare il programma LiveUSB Creator da http://fedorahosted.org/liveusb-creator se si sta usando Windows oppure installarlo in Linux con il proprio gestore di pacchetti.
- Scaricare l'immagine ISO live da http://fedoraproject.org/get-fedora.
- Inserire la chiavetta ed avviare LiveUSB Creator.
Successivamente riavviare il sistema ed impostare l'avvìo del PC da dispositivo USB -- solitamente è un tasto speciale da premere all'accensione come F12.
Per i dettagli tecnici o per maggiori informazioni sugli strumenti alternativi e di uso avanzato, continuare nella lettura.
Dopo ogni release, il volontari per il supporto Fedora ricevono delle segnalazioni di problemi con l'installazione delle immagini con Unetbootin. Usare la più recente versione disponibile assicura migliori risultati. Tuttavia usare liveusb-creator può fornire migliori lavori. Se si riscontrano problemi con Unetbootin, si prega di contattare i suoi sviluppatori; non quelli di Fedora .
Un sistema Live USB è creato dalla stessa immagine ISO usata per creare i Live CD/DVD. E' possibile scaricare le immagini Fedora ufficiali dal sito. Consultare How to create and use a Live CD per maggiori informazioni sulla creazione della propria immagine ISO.
Requisiti di sistema
- Un computer da lavoro con Fedora o Windows. Se si usano altre distribuzioni Linux, considerare l'uso di
ddoppure di UNetbootin. Quest'ultimo è anche disponibile per Mac OS X e Windows, così come nei repository Fedora. - Un USB flash drive, conosciuto anche come USB stick, thumb drive, penna USB o jump drive, con 1 GB o più di memoria su filesystem vfat (standard per quasi tutti i dispositivi USB off-the-shelf -- di serie)
Possibilità d'avvìo da dispositivo USB
Anche se quelli più moderni ne sono capaci, non tutti i computer possono avviarsi da dispositivi a causa di differenti impostazioni del BIOS o capacità di sistema. Se il PC non ha questa capacità, questa procedura è inutile. Se non se ne è sicuri e si è disposti a scaricare ed installare un immagine nella pennetta USB (possibilmente ripulendola dai dati), il solo rischio sarebbe quello di perder tempo.
Se la chiavetta USB non è in buone condizioni, questa procedura potrebbe non riuscire. Osservare i messaggi di errore durante il processo.
Alcuni flash drive potrebbero non essere avviabili, anche se l'hardware è in grado di farlo. Potrebbe essere necessario marcarne la partizione come avviabile o riformattarla. Vedere Problemi e soluzioni di seguito per maggiori informazioni.
Chiavette USB sufficientemente capienti
Le dimensioni in molte chiavette USB sono indicate sulla confezione o sul corpo esterno stesso.
Se non si conoscono o si vogliono controllare, si dovrebbe essere in grado di montarle automaticamente semplicemente inserendole nella porta USB. E' possibile controllarne il contenuto e la capacità usando il file manager grafico. In Linux, si può anche usare il comando df -h:
$ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 143G 14G 122G 10% / /dev/sda1 99M 12M 82M 13% /boot tmpfs 1009M 0 1009M 0% /dev/shm /dev/sdb1 3.9G 4.0K 3.9G 1% /media/usbdisk
I drive USB sono usualmente montati in /media o /run/media/username/. In questo caso il dispositivo è /dev/sdb1, ha una capacità di 3.9GB ed è quasi vuoto. Come regola si dovrebbero usare chiavette con almeno 1 GB di spazio libero per scriverci un'immagine live ed una di almeno 4 GB per scrivere un'immagine DVD.
Notare /dev/sdb1 o equivalente; bisogna specificare il dispositivo se si usa il metodo a linea di comando. E' la stringa che sostituisce USBPARTITIONNAME laddove serve nelle istruzioni di seguito.
Opzionale: ripartizione e formattazione della chiavetta USB
Se la chiavetta USB ha una partizione FAT con una discreta quantità di spazio libero, la ripartizione/formattazione può essere saltata continuando a seguire i passaggi seguenti. Questo permetterebbe l'aggiunta dell'immagine live Fedora senza la distruzione di dati già presenti. Tuttavia è altamente raccomandato fare una copia di tutti i dati prima di procedere nel caso qualcosa dovesse andare male.
Se si ha qualche difficoltà con l'installazione non-distruttiva, provare prima a resettare il master boot record (MBR) con l'opzione --reset-mbr.
Occasionalmente un filesystem può essere danneggiato rendendo necessarie sia la ripartizione che la formattazione. In caso contrario è raccomandato mantenere la formattazione di fabbrica del dispositivo.
Come ripartizionare
Questo cancellerà tutti i dati della chiavetta USB! Si prega di leggere attentamente le istruzioni sotto.
Se si intende usare lo strumento
livecd-iso-to-disk documentato di seguito, è possibile saltare questo passaggio ed il prossimo Come formattare passando semplicemente i parametri --format --msdos e --reset-mbrSe il drive non è stato partizionato bene (o se si è insicuri), usare fdisk per ripartizionarlo.
Includere solo il nome del drive nel comando, non il numero della partizione.
Assicurarsi di aver selezionato il disco corretto, c'é il rischio di cancellare dati importanti!
Controllare l'output di df -h per sicurezza. Ad esempio se la partizione sarà /dev/sdb1, allora:
su -c 'fdisk /dev/sdb'
Se fdisk non è installato, avviare il comando su -c 'yum install util-linux-ng'.
La sessione d'output seguente da fdisk mostra le risposte da dare al prompt. La linea che inizia con Last cylinder ... si riferisce alla dimensione del drive quindi potrebbe differire da quella dell'esempio. Il comando d cancella una partizione esistente; il comando n crea una nuova partizione; il comando t ne imposta il tipo; w esegue materialmente le modifiche (in qualsiasi punto prima di avviare il comando w è possibile fermare fdisk senza fare alcuna modifica sul disco).
Command (m for help): '''d''' Selected partition 1 Command (m for help): '''n''' Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) '''p''' Partition number (1-4): '''1''' First cylinder (1-960, default 1): '''↵''' Using default value 1 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-960, default 960): '''↵''' Using default value 960 Command (m for help): '''t''' Selected partition 1 Hex code (type L to list codes): '''6''' Changed system type of partition 1 to 6 (FAT16) Command (m for help): '''a''' Partition number (1-4): '''1''' Command (m for help): '''w''' The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: If you have created or modified any DOS 6.x partitions, please see the fdisk manual page for additional information. Syncing disks.
Come riformattare
Questo cancellerà tutti i dati sul drive USB! Si prega di leggere attentamente le istruzioni sotto.
Per finire, la partizione deve essere formattata con un filesystem reale usando mkfs.vfat come utente root. Smontare il dispositivo prima usando mkfs.vfat. Nel seguente esempio, /dev/USBPARTITIONNAME potrebbe essere ad esempio /dev/sdb1. Assicurarsi di aver selezionato la giusta partizione; la formattazione distruggerà tutti i dati!
su -c 'umount /dev/USBPARTITIONNAME' su -c 'mkfs.vfat -F 32 -n usbdisk /dev/USBPARTITIONNAME'
Per installare mkfs.vfat avviare il comando yum install dosfstools come root.
Download an ISO
(If you intend to use the "Graphical" method below, with a supported Fedora release, you can skip this step. The program will download the ISO for you.)
You can use BitTorrent or your web browser to download a bootable image, or ISO, which you will install on your USB drive.
Quick links:
- Supported releases
- Pre-releases (Alpha and Beta; redirects to previous supported release during pre-Alpha phase)
- Nightly test composes
You are looking for a file with "Live" in the name, usually of the form Fedora-<version>-<architecture>-Live-Desktop.iso. For example, Fedora-41-x86_64-Live-Desktop.iso is the F41 release for 64-bit Intel-compatible CPUs. Be sure to choose the correct file for your architecture. 32-bit releases will generally run on 64-bit hardware, but will not be optimized.
These instructions will also work for Custom Spins of Fedora Live ISO images, including those you make yourself with Revisor (a graphical tool), or LiveCD Creator (command-line tool used by Revisor). (Pungi is a command-line tool you can use to create installable ISOs, but not Live ISOs.)
If you use a LiveUSB with data persistence, you can use the "yum update" method described below to get the latest daily Rawhide RPMs (mostly for testers and not everyday use) except for the kernel. See Releases/Rawhide for more information about daily builds.
The nightly test composes will be built from the Branched release when there is one, and from Rawhide when there is no Branched.
Write the stick
Graphical Method - Windows or Fedora
Fedora USB sticks can be created in Windows and Linux using the liveusb-creator utility. Note that this utility is only capable of writing Live images. It is possible to write non-live images to a USB stick, but you must use one of the two command-line methods documented below.
For Windows using the following steps:
- Download liveusb-creator from the site
- Double click 'liveusb-creator'
If you are using Fedora, you can use Add/Remove Programs and search for liveusb-creator, or use the command line:
su -c 'yum install liveusb-creator'
To start, run liveusb-creator on the command line, or on the GNOME menu, go to Applications -> System Tools -> liveusb-creator.
To use the tool, simply select a Fedora release to download from the drop-down box at top-right (or select an ISO you have already downloaded using the Browse button at top-left), select the USB stick to which you wish to write the image from the Target Device drop-down box, and hit the Create Live USB button.
Command Line Methods
In the following examples, replace /path/to/ISO with e.g. Fedora-16-x86_64-Live-Desktop.iso or the full path to the ISO you downloaded, e.g. /tmp/Fedora-16-x86_64-Live-Desktop.iso.
Replace /dev/USBPARTITIONNAME with the appropriate partition name. For example, /dev/sdb1 in the example above ("Check the size of your USB drive"). Be careful to specify the correct device, or you may lose important data!
Both of these methods work with all Fedora images, not just live images: you can use dd or livecd-iso-to-disk to write a Fedora DVD or network installation ISO to a USB stick. However, for Fedora 15, non-live images cannot be written using dd.
Using dd for a direct copy
This will erase all data on the USB drive! Please read the instructions below carefully.
You can simply use dd (or similar direct imaging tools for other operating systems) to write a Fedora ISO to USB, although the specialized tools have additional features like non-destructive writing and data persistence. dd will always destroy any other data on the target stick, and cannot provide a persistent environment.
su -c 'dd if=Fedora-16-x86_64-Live-Desktop.iso of=/dev/sd''X'' bs=8M'
Note that in this specific case you want the device name (e.g. /dev/sdb) not the partition name (e.g. /dev/sdb1).
An equivalent for Windows is the RawWrite for Windows tool. It should be capable of writing Fedora images much as described above, but this is not regularly tested.
In Fedora versions prior to Fedora 17, a DVD image written to a USB stick with dd or an equivalent tool will function as a network installation image unless a special kernel parameter is added on boot: it will be capable of performing an installation, but it will need to retrieve packages from network repositories, it will not be able to use the packages present on the stick. To allow the installer to find the packages present on the stick, use the anaconda repo= parameter, pointing to the USB stick by its device node, label or UUID. DVD images of Fedora 17 do not suffer from this limitation.
Using the livecd-iso-to-disk tool
The livecd-iso-to-disk is the most capable and often most reliable method of writing a Fedora ISO image to a USB stick, but can only reliably be used from within Fedora. It does not work in Windows and is not supported (and will usually fail) in non-Fedora distributions. Please use the liveusb-creator tool, dd (or an equivalent tool), or a third-party tool such as unetbootin on other operating systems. It is also not a good idea to try and write a new Fedora release using the version of livecd-iso-to-disk in a much older Fedora release: it is best to only use a release a maximum of two versions older than the release you are trying to write.
livecd-iso-to-disk is usually available in the /LiveOS directory of the Live CD .iso file. You may loop mount the .iso, and procede as below, assured that you are using the version intended for your image:
Make a mount point:
$ su -c "mkdir /tmp/live"
Mount the .iso filesystem on your mount point:
$ su -c "mount Fedora-16-x86_64-Live-Desktop.iso /tmp/live"
Confirm the availability of /LiveOS/livecd-iso-to-disk:
$ ls /tmp/live/LiveOS
If the livecd-iso-to-disk script is not listed, your will need to obtain it from another source. Check if the livecd-tools RPM is installed with this command:
rpm -q livecd-tools
You will see the name of the RPM and a version number if it is installed, or no output if it is not installed.
If "livecd-tools" is not installed, install it using this command, or PackageKit:
$ su -c 'yum install livecd-tools'
Detailed usage information is available in the first pages of the livecd-iso-to-disk script, which you can also see by running su -c 'livecd-iso-to-disk --help'. Basic examples follow.
To make an existing USB stick bootable as a Fedora image without deleting any of the data on it, make sure that the USB drive is not mounted before executing the following, and give the root password when prompted:
If livecd-iso-to-disk is available in the .iso filesystem,
$ su -c "/tmp/live/LiveOS/livecd-iso-to-disk Fedora-16-x86_64-Live-Desktop.iso /dev/USBPARTITIONNAME"
otherwise,
$ su -c "livecd-iso-to-disk Fedora-16-x86_64-Live-Desktop.iso /dev/USBPARTITIONNAME"
(See Data persistence below for how to create Live USB devices with more than temporary storage of user files and settings.)
In case it is not possible to boot from a disk created with the method shown above, before re-partitioning and re-formatting, often resetting the master boot record will enable booting:
$ su -c "livecd-iso-to-disk --reset-mbr Fedora-16-x86_64-Live-Desktop.iso /dev/USBPARTITIONNAME"
The following method will erase all data on the USB drive! Please read the instructions below carefully.
If necessary, you can have livecd-iso-to-disk re-partition and re-format the target stick. This is similar to performing the manual re-partitioning and re-formatting steps described earlier in this guide.
$ su -c "livecd-iso-to-disk --format --msdos --reset-mbr Fedora-16-x86_64-Live-Desktop.iso /dev/USBPARTITIONNAME"
UEFI boot of USB sticks
Whether a Fedora image written to a USB stick will be bootable natively via UEFI is a somewhat complex question which depends on the Fedora release, the type of image (live or non-live), and the method used to write it. The --efi parameter to the livecd-iso-to-disk tool attempts to make a stick written with that tool natively UEFI bootable.
As of Fedora 17, all images written using the dd method should be UEFI-bootable, and all images written with livecd-iso-to-disk --format --reset-mbr --efi should also be UEFI-bootable. Use of --efi without --format and --reset-mbr can be considered a 'best effort', and may not produce a UEFI-bootable stick.
Data persistence
Data persistence means that your files and settings will remain even after you reboot your live system. You can perform updates just like a regular installation to your hard disk, except that kernel updates require manual intervention and overlay space may be insufficient. The primary use of this feature is booting a USB stick with your live image as well as the persistent changes. Note that you will need to have space on your target USB stick for the live image plus your overlay plus any other data you want on the stick.
Use the Graphical Method described above to do this easily. There is a graphical slider in the interface you can use to assign space on the target stick for persistent storage.
If using the livecd-iso-to-disk tool, add the --overlay-size-mb parameter to add a persistent data storage area to the target stick. For example:
su -c "livecd-iso-to-disk --overlay-size-mb 512 Fedora-16-x86_64-Live-Desktop.iso /dev/USBPARTITIONNAME"
where 512 is the desired size (in megabytes) of the overlay. The livecd-iso-to-disk tool will not accept an overlay size value greater than 2047 for VFAT, but for ext[234] filesystems it is only limited by the available space.
One very important note about using the "primary" persistent overlay for system changes is that due to the way it's currently implemented (as a LVM copy-on-write snapshot), every single change to it (writes AND deletes) subtracts from its free space, so it will eventually be "used up" and your USB stick will no longer boot (see this dm-devel discussion and this page for emergency recovery). Because of these limitations, it is advisable to use the system-level persistence sparingly, for configuration changes and important security updates only. For a truly persistent write-many (vs write-once) overlay, use the --home-size-mb option to create a home directory filesystem image for personal files. Unlike the primary system overlay image, the home.img can be re-used and loop mounted outside of the liveusb environment.
The persistent overlay status may be queried by issuing this command on the live system:
dmsetup status live-rw
The returned value may look like this:
live-rw: 0 8388608 snapshot 42296/204800 176
where the fraction after 'snapshot' for the logical volume is that of 512-byte sectors consumed in the overlay.
From a running Live CD/DVD/USB
If you are already running a live CD, DVD, or USB and want to convert that into a bootable USB stick, run the following command:
su -c "livecd-iso-to-disk /run/initramfs/livedev /dev/USBPARTITIONNAME"
- (For versions before Fedora 17, use /dev/live instead of /run/initramfs/livedev.)
How to Boot a Live USB Drive
- Power off the computer.
- Plug the USB drive into a USB port.
- Remove all other portable media, such as CD, DVD, or floppy disks.
- Power on the computer.
- If the computer is configured to automatically boot off of the USB drive, you will see a screen that says "Automatic boot in 10 seconds..." with a countdown.
- If the computer starts to boot off the hard drive, you'll need to manually configure it to boot off the USB drive.
- Wait for a safe point to reboot safely.
- As the machine starts to reboot, watch carefully for instructions on which key to press (usually a function key or Escape) to enter the boot device selection menu, or "BIOS setup". Press and hold that key. If you miss the window of opportunity (often only a few seconds) then reboot and try again.
- Use the BIOS setup menu to put your USB drive first in the boot sequence. It might be listed as a hard drive rather than a removable drive. Each hardware manufacturer has a slightly different method for doing so. Use caution! Your computer could become unbootable or lose functionality if you change any other settings. Though these settings can be reverted, you'll need to remember what you changed in order to do so.
- Save the changes, exit, and the computer should boot the Live USB drive.
Problems and solutions
liveusb-creator problems
- Try the liveusb-creator FAQ.
- Bugs are tracked in Trac - see e.g. existing tickets. Please open a new ticket if you encounter any problems that have not already been reported.
- The liveusb-creator mailing list has archives which may also be useful.
Partition isn't marked bootable!
If you get the following message, you need to mark the partition bootable.
$ su -c "livecd-iso-to-disk Fedora-16-x86_64-Live-Desktop.iso /dev/USBPARTITIONNAME"
Partition isn't marked bootable!
You can mark the partition as bootable with
$ /sbin/parted /dev/sdb
(parted) toggle N boot
(parted) quit
Cleaning up to exit...
To mark the partition bootable, run parted, and use the 'toggle X boot' command. For example:
$ parted /dev/sdb GNU Parted 1.8.6 Using /dev/sdb Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands. (parted) print Model: Imation Flash Drive (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 1062MB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 32.3kB 1062MB 1062MB primary fat16 (parted) toggle 1 boot (parted) print Model: Imation Flash Drive (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 1062MB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 32.3kB 1062MB 1062MB primary fat16 boot (parted) quit Information: Don't forget to update /etc/fstab, if necessary.
Partitions need a filesystem label!
If you get the following message, you need to label the partition.
$ su -c "livecd-iso-to-disk Fedora-16-x86_64-Live-Desktop.iso /dev/USBPARTITIONNAME" Need to have a filesystem label or UUID for your USB device Label can be set with /sbin/dosfslabel Cleaning up to exit...
To label the partition:
su -c "dosfslabel /dev/USBPARTITIONNAME LIVE"
Partition has different physical/logical endings!
If you get this message from fdisk, you may need to reformat the flash drive, as described earlier in this guide.
MBR appears to be blank!
If your test boot reports a corrupted boot sector, or you get the following message, you need to install or reset the master boot record (MBR).
$ su -c "livecd-iso-to-disk Fedora-16-x86_64-Live-Desktop.iso /dev/USBPARTITIONNAME" MBR appears to be blank. You can add an MBR to this device with Cleaning up to exit...
To install or reset MBR:
$ su -c "livecd-iso-to-disk --reset-mbr Fedora-16-x86_64-Live-Desktop.iso /dev/USBPARTITIONNAME"
Issues using other Linux distributions
Ubuntu and derivative Linux distributions have a usb-creator program similar to Live USB Creator. This does not work with Fedora ISO images, it silently rejects them. usb-creator requires the ISO to have a Debian layout, with a /.disk/info file and a casper directory. Do not attempt to use this utility to write a Fedora ISO image.
The livecd-iso-to-disk script is not meant to be run from a non-Fedora system. Even if it happens to run and write a stick apparently successfully from some other distribution, the stick may well fail to boot. Use of livecd-iso-to-disk on any distribution other than Fedora is unsupported and not expected to work: please use an alternative method described above.
Testing Live Image on USB
You can test your Live Image on USB using QEMU as shown in the screenshot below.
For example, if your USB flash drive is /dev/sdb, you could type the following commands:
su -c 'umount /dev/sdb1' qemu -hda /dev/sdb -m 1024 -vga std
Mounting a Live USB filesystem
You can use the liveimage-mount script in the 
livecd-tools
Kernel updates
If you have sufficient overlay space to accommodate a kernel update on a Live USB installation, the kernel and initramfs will be installed to the /boot directory. To put these into service they must be moved to the /syslinux directory of the installation partition. This is accessible from the running Live USB filesystem at either the /mnt/live or /run/initramfs/live mount point. The new initramfs (such as initramfs-3.3.2-6.fc16.x86_64.img) and kernel (such as vmlinuz-3.3.2-6.fc16.x86_64) should be moved to replace the /mnt/live/syslinux/initrd0.img and /mnt/live/syslinux/vmlinuz0 files, respectively.
- Note: Beginning with Fedora 17, dracut no longer includes the dmsquash-live module by default. So one should include it in /etc/dracut.conf with, for example,
# echo 'add_dracutmodules+=" dmsquash-live "' >> /etc/dracut.conf
The following commands will move the new kernel and initramfs files and create symbolic links to them, in case one later wants to perform a full install of the image to a hard disk.
bootpath=run/initramfs/live/syslinux # bootpath=mnt/live/syslinux new=3.3.2-6.fc16.x86_64
cd /
mv -f boot/vmlinuz-$new ${bootpath}/vmlinuz0
mv -f boot/initramfs-${new}.img ${bootpath}/initrd0.img
ln -fs -T ../${bootpath}/vmlinuz0 boot/vmlinuz-$new
ln -fs -T ../${bootpath}/initrd0.img boot/initramfs-${new}.img
See also
Red Hat Magazine | I am Fedora, and so can you!