How to debug Dracut problems

Foreword

If you are experiencing a problem with system initialization due to Dracut, please see the common bugs document before filing a bug. Some easy configuration tweaks that fix a wide range of issues may be listed there. If the problem you are seeing is not listed there or none of the workarounds seem to help, please consider filing a bug to help us make Fedora run better on your hardware.

Be prepared to include some information (logs) about your system as well. These should be complete (no snippets please), not in an archive, uncompressed, with MIME type set as text/plain.

Identifying your problem area

1. Remove rhgb and quiet from the kernel command line
2. Add rd.shell to the kernel command line. This will present a shell should dracut be unable to locate your root device
3. Add rd.shell rd.debug log_buf_len=1M to the kernel command line so that dracut shell commands are printed as they are executed
4. Inspect the system logs:

    # less /run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt
    # journalctl -a
    # dmesg
   

Information to include in your report

All bug reports

In all cases, the following should be mentioned and attached to your bug report:

• The exact kernel command-line used. Typically from the bootloader configuration file (e.g. /etc/grub.conf) or from /proc/cmdline
• A copy of your disk partition information from /etc/fstab
• A device listing from device-mapper. This can be obtained by running the command dmsetup ls --tree
• A list of block device attributes including vol_id compatible mode. This can be obtained by running the commands blkid and blkid -o udev
• Turn on dracut debugging (see the 'debugging dracut' section), and attach all relevant information from the boot log. This can be obtained by running the command dmesg|grep dracut.
• If you use a dracut configuration file, please include /etc/dracut.conf

Logical Volume Management related problems

As well as the information from the 'all bug reports' section, include the following information:

• Include physical volume information by running the command: lvm pvdisplay
• Include volume group information by running the command: lvm vgdisplay
• Include logical volume information by running the command: lvm lvdisplay

Software RAID related problems

As well as the information from the 'all bug reports' section, include the following information:

• If using software RAID disk partitions, please include the output of /proc/mdstat

Network root device related problems

This section details information to include when experiencing problems on a system whose root device is located on a network attached volume (e.g. iSCSI, NFS or NBD). As well as the information from the 'all bug reports' section, include the following information:

• Please include the output of ip addr show

Debugging dracut

Configure a serial console

Successfully debugging dracut will require some form of console logging during the system boot. This section documents configuring a serial console connection to record boot messages. To enable serial console output for both the kernel and the bootloader, follow the procedure below.

1. Open the file /etc/grub.conf for editing. Below the line timeout=5, add the following:

   serial --unit=0 --speed=9600
   terminal --timeout=5 serial console

2. Also in /etc/grub.conf, add the following boot arguemnts to the kernel line:

   console=tty0 console=ttyS0,9600

3. When finished, the /etc/grub.conf file should look similar to the example below.

   default=0
   timeout=5
   serial --unit=0 --speed=9600
   terminal --timeout=5 serial console
   title Fedora (2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64)
      root (hd0,0)
      kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_uc1-lv_root console=tty0 console=ttyS0,9600
      initrd /dracut-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64.img

More detailed information on how to configure the kernel for console output can be found at [1].

Redirecting non-interactive output
You can redirect all non-interactive output to /dev/kmsg and the kernel will put it out on the console when it reaches the kernel buffer by doing

exec >/dev/kmsg 2>&1 </dev/console

Using the dracut shell

Dracut offers a shell for interactive debugging in the event dracut fails to locate your root filesystem. To enable the shell:

1. Add the boot parameter rdshell to your bootloader configuration file (e.g. /etc/grub.conf
2. Remove the boot arguments rhgb and quiet

A sample /etc/grub.conf bootloader configuration file is listed below.

default=0
timeout=5
serial --unit=0 --speed=9600
terminal --timeout=5 serial console
title Fedora (2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64)
        root (hd0,0)
        kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_uc1-lv_root console=tty0 rdshell 
        initrd /dracut-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64.img

If system boot fails, you will be dropped into a shell as seen in the example below.

No root device found
Dropping to debug shell.

sh: can't access tty; job control turned off
# 

Use this shell prompt to gather the information requested above (see the 'all bug reports' section).

Accessing the root volume from the dracut shell

From the dracut debug shell, you can manually perform the task of locating and preparing your root volume for boot. The required steps will depend on how your root volume is configured. Common scenarios include:

• A block device (e.g. /dev/sda7)
• A LVM logical volume (e.g. /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00)
• An encrypted device (e.g. /dev/mapper/luks-4d5972ea-901c-4584-bd75-1da802417d83)
• A network attached device (e.g. netroot=iscsi:@192.168.0.4::3260::iqn.2009-02.org.fedoraproject:for.all)

The exact method for locating and preparing will vary. However, to continue with a successful boot, the objective is to locate your root volume and create a symlink /dev/root which points to the file system. For example, the following example demonstrates accessing and booting a root volume that is an encrypted LVM Logical volume.

1. Inspect your partitions using parted

   # parted /dev/sda -s p
   Model: ATA HTS541060G9AT00 (scsi)
   Disk /dev/sda: 60.0GB
   Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
   Partition Table: msdos
   
   Number  Start   End     Size    Type      File system  Flags
    1      32.3kB  10.8GB  107MB   primary   ext4         boot
    2      10.8GB  55.6GB  44.7GB  logical                lvm

2. You recall that your root volume was a LVM logical volume. Scan and activate any logical volumes

   # lvm vgscan
   # lvm vgchange -ay

3. You should see any logical volumes now using the command blkid:

   # blkid
   /dev/sda1: UUID="3de247f3-5de4-4a44-afc5-1fe179750cf7" TYPE="ext4" 
   /dev/sda2: UUID="Ek4dQw-cOtq-5MJu-OGRF-xz5k-O2l8-wdDj0I" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
   /dev/mapper/linux-root: UUID="def0269e-424b-4752-acf3-1077bf96ad2c" TYPE="crypto_LUKS" 
   /dev/mapper/linux-home: UUID="c69127c1-f153-4ea2-b58e-4cbfa9257c5e" TYPE="ext3" 
   /dev/mapper/linux-swap: UUID="47b4d329-975c-4c08-b218-f9c9bf3635f1" TYPE="swap" 

4. From the output above, you recall that your root volume exists on an encrypted block device. Following the guidance disk encryption guidance from the Fedora 41 Installation Guide, you unlock your encrypted root volume.

   UUID=$(cryptsetup luksUUID /dev/mapper/linux-root)
   cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/mapper/linux-root luks-$UUID
   Enter passphrase for /dev/mapper/linux-root:
   Key slot 0 unlocked. 

5. Next, make a symbolic link to the unlocked root volume

   ln -s /dev/mapper/luks-$UUID /dev/root

6. With the root volume available, you may continue booting the system by exiting the dracut shell

   exit

Additional dracut boot parameters

The following boot parameters are also available to further assist with debugging boot issues.

rd.shell

Drop to a shell, if the initramfs fails.

rd.debug

set -x for the dracut shell.

rd.break=[cmdline|pre-udev|pre-trigger|initqueue|pre-mount|mount|pre-pivot|cleanup]

drop the shell on defined breakpoint (use egrep 'rd.?break' /usr/lib/dracut/modules.d/99base/init.sh to find the breakpoints supported by your dracut version)

rdudevinfo

set udev to loglevel info

rdudevdebug

set udev to loglevel debug

rdnetdebug

debug network scripts in dracut. Output is written to /tmp