Rawhide 是 Fedora 开发版本的代号。这个版本包含了一个叫做 "rawhide" 的源并且包含所有每天最新构建的 Fedora 软件包。Nightly builds are also available during the early portion of the Fedora Release Life Cycle.
什么样的人适合使用 Rawhide?
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由于 Rawhide 是一个有关开发的版本分支，许多变更在发布到 Rawhide 时尚未得到大量测试(甚至就没有测试)，并且 Rawhide 中的软件包可能会让系统无法正常工作。甚至有可能造成您的数据的丢失。不过，测试 Rawhide 是一项十分有价值也很有趣的工作，因为这将帮助 Fedora 的开发并确保最后稳定版的质量。您应该从 每日实时构建版下载页面 尝试 Rawhide 或者 Branched (取决于 发行周期) 而无需安装。如果您不想这么做，也可以找剩余空间来安装，或做双系统安装，以及虚拟机体验等等。
每日实时构建版
After the release of the previous final release, but before the Branch event, nightly builds will be composed of Rawhide packages. These are built automatically without manual tweaking or testing, so they will sometimes be beyond the size of a single CD, and sometimes may not work at all. If there is a bug in the generation toolchain, the images may not be built on a given night; in this case, the most recent image will remain available. Using these nightly builds is an ideal way to test Rawhide if you have no spare machine or partition available, or simply do not have the time to maintain a Rawhide installation. It's a very safe way to test, since it will make no changes to your installed system. You can also install Rawhide to your hard drive from the Live desktop if the Live image is working well for you. During the rest of the release cycle, daily builds will contain Branched content, and you must use a repository to install Rawhide - though you can build a custom spin using Revisor if you need to test a Live distribution.
访问 FedoraLiveCD 以了解更多。
安装 Rawhide
Rawhide 理论上 可供您安装，实际上经常会因为一些 bug 而无法安装。有这么几种安装方式供您选择：
使用包含 Rawhide 的镜像源
Rawhide 在 "development/rawhide" 目录下。您可以在 这里找到您附近包含 "development" 目录的镜像。 继续阅读以了解如何安装。
如何不影响已安装的系统
有几种测试 Rawhide 的方式：
- 用 CD, DVD 或 USB 驱动器来测试。
- 有关刻录 CD 或 DVD，请见 刻录指南。
- 有关写入至 USB 驱动器，请见 How to create and use Live USB。
- 如果您使用启用永久储存的 LiveUSB，您可以使用下文描述的 "yum update" 方法来获取最新的 Rawhide RPM (除了内核)。注意您也可能需要安装 'fedora-release-rawhide' 包并启用 rawhide 源。不过，下载每日实时构建版是最好的选择。
- 使用虚拟机。请见 Testing/qemu。
- 安装到独立的分区中。
通过 Anaconda 安装 Rawhide
Anaconda 是 Fedora 的安装器。它可被直接启动，无需运行 Live 环境。
通过 BFO (boot.fedoraproject.org)
您可以使用从 BFO 获取的安装文件，通过 yum distro-sync 完成预安装。BFO 镜像文件是一个让您进入安装环境的非常小的文件。
- 下载 BFO 启动介质： http://boot.fedoraproject.org/download
- 启动，选择 Installation 或 Pre-Release。选择您想使用的最新的安装器。
- 运行最小化安装。
- 预安装，通过 yum distro-sync：
# yum install fedora-release-rawhide # yum --releasever=rawhide distro-sync
使用标准 ISO
您可以使用每个正式发布版本的 Anaconda 安装器进行安装，目前最新版本是 Fedora 41)。通过这种方式，您将会使用一个稍微旧一些但是不会有安装问题的安装程序完成您的 Rawhide 安装。
- 选项 1 - 使用已下载好的一份拷贝
- 如果您手头已经有一个可自启动的 CD、DVD、USB，或者是包含 *-DVD.iso 或 *-disc1.iso 的磁盘驱动器，那么就可以使用它来完成您的 Rawhide 安装。不过如果您没有上述的任何一项，那么不推荐您通过该方式安装。因为您想安装 Rawhide 而不是正式版。请看 这里 了解如何下载拷贝。请不要使用 Live 镜像，因为它无法完成安装。
- 选项 2 - 下载最小化安装程序
- If you need to make a bootable CD, DVD, USB stick, or hard drive partition, the best way to do this is to download the minimal boot.iso installer and load RPMs over the network. This is the same as the *-netinst.iso (e.g. Fedora-12-i386-netinst.iso) which you may find elsewhere. These files are not available by BitTorrent.
- To obtain and use a boot.iso file:
- * Go to http://download.fedoraproject.org/ - you will be redirected to a nearby mirror.
- * Go to releases/41/Fedora.
- * Choose the directory for your architecture (i386, x86_64, or ppc - help available), then find os/images/boot.iso and download it.
- * Create a bootable CD, DVD, USB media, or hard drive partition following the instructions here using your newly downloaded boot.iso file. You can use the livecd-iso-to-disk method described there even though boot.iso is not a Live image, and it should also work on hard drive partitions, not just USB media.
- 选项 3 - Pure network install with no boot media
- The Installation Guide documents how to boot the installer directly from the network, in case you cannot or choose not to create local boot media.
- What to do after booting Option 1, 2 or 3
- Start the installer and follow the on-screen instructions. Proceed to Package Group Selection. To install rawhide, deselect all Fedora 41 package repositories, and manually add rawhide using the instructions provided at Installing from Additional Repositories. Obtain a valid Rawhide mirror from the mirror list.
- 选项 4 - 安装时无网络环境
- 如果是这样，您需要从 Rawhide 镜像源 下载 Rawhide (development) 目录，并使用 安装指南中指出的硬驱动器方式安装。如果您认为麻烦可以选择本页列出的其它方式。
通过 Live 安装器安装
The nightly images are built by a script with little human intervention. As generating an entire bootable and installable Fedora image is a fairly complex operation which requires a rather large subset of packages to be present, functional, and interoperable, they will quite often fail to install correctly, fail to boot, or fail to compose at all: you cannot rely on a recent image being available, or any given image actually providing a usable installation. This is quite normal.
- Download a daily Live image (.iso) from http://alt.fedoraproject.org/pub/alt/nightly-composes/
- Follow the steps at How to create and use Live USB or How to create and use a Live CD to prepare and boot from the image you select.
- Log in and double click the Install to Hard Drive icon on the desktop.
- Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the installation.
从一个测试版本通过 yum 升级至 Rawhide
如果当前有测试版或 "预发布版本" (Alpha 或 Beta)可用，您可以从 这里 下载。
测试版本默认未被配置从 Rawhide 源获取更新(测试版有相对应流程：Branched)，因此您需要首先安装 "fedora-release-rawhide" 包并启用 rawhide 源。然后就可以通过 "yum update" 或桌面更新通知更新了。
如果您想之后再回到正式版，请见：从预发布版本迁移至正式版。
从当前版本 yum 升级至 Rawhide
This method is available but not recommended for anyone except the bravest testers. Anaconda can make changes that are outside of the ability for the packaging system to handle. You may also run into dependency problems which could take time to resolve. You may also need to upgrade from the immediately previous release (e.g. install Fedora 10, 11, then Fedora 12 Rawhide and not jump directly from Fedora 10 to Fedora 12 Rawhide). Remember that Rawhide installations in general may need to be wiped and re-installed from scratch at any time.
You can upgrade to the rawhide repository one of two ways. Using graphical applications:
- First, install the fedora-release-rawhide package:
- Click on the build status link
- Check the latest build on Koji (for instance, fedora-release-14-0.6).
- Download the corresponding RPM files (e.g. with
wget). - Install the RPM release files:
rpm -Uvh fedora-release-*.noarch.rpm.
- Next, modify your software sources using:
gpk-repo- Leave only the Fedora - Rawhide software source enabled
- Next, update your system using:
gpk-update-viewer
当然，您也可以这样：
- Type:
yum install fedora-release-rawhide - Then type:
yum --disablerepo=* --enablerepo=rawhide update
You may want to enable/disable repositories in /etc/yum.repos.d/ so that only the "Fedora Development" repository is enabled. This will allow daily Rawhide updates to appear by default in desktop notifications and "yum update".
If you cannot install fedora-release-rawhide from within the package system, you can download the RPM directly from a Rawhide mirror, under: development/rawhide/<arch>/os/Packages/ (for instance:
wget http://fedora.univ-nantes.fr/fedora.redhat.com/fedora/linux/development/rawhide/i386/os/Packages/fedora-release-*.noarch.rpm)
测试 Rawhide
所有 Rawhide 的测试者需要做几件事。首先请阅读 test 邮件列表，所有 Rawhide 讨论都在这里。You'll find discussion of significant changes and warnings of severe breakage here. Reading test-list daily is key to staying on top of Rawhide. Secondly, report all the bugs you find in Rawhide to Bugzilla. Remember to file bugs according to these best practices. Please remember that bugs should always be filed in Bugzilla. Reporting bugs on the mailing list or IRC is not sufficient, as these reports rapidly become lost in history. Only on Bugzilla will they always be accessible to other testers and to the developers.
Beyond that, here is some general advice which may be of use in using Rawhide:
- Approach the test release as a valuable chance to learn more about your system. There is a good chance you will run into some bugs in subsystems or components that you are unfamiliar with as part of the testing process. Use this an opportunity to learn more about that particular subsystem and become familiar with its documentation. Even documentation has bugs, by following up and trying to learn from the documentation you might be able to help clean up badly worded or out of date documentation as well. The more you learn, the more effective you will be in the future if you participate in the development process again. Be as proactive as you can about reading about how things work and you will have a much more valuable experience overall.
- When using yum, take the time to review the list of package actions before you proceed. Don't disable the review step.
- Become familiar with the /var/log/rpmpkgs and /var/log/yum.log log files.
- Get a notebook and make notes about system configuration changes you make. Many problems can be traced to simple configuration errors, but can appear as package update bugs. When working with other testers to confirm the problem, make notes as to the other changes you have made since the last update/reboot can be invaluable in tracing the problem down accurately.
- Keep at least one older kernel that you are confident works as expected.
- Reboot daily, to test to see if any of your updates have affected startup. Its much more difficult to track down a boot up problem that was caused by an old update if you are updating daily but have not rebooted.
- Become familiar with useful grub features for troubleshooting boot up failures.
- Don't force or nodeps any package to work around dependency problems. Instead, report them as bugs or to test-list. If no-one reports these problems, they will never get fixed, and will persist into stable releases.
- Because the development tree is not guaranteed to be internally consistent every day, you will frequently see yum update fail with errors. Don't Panic, most dependency problems will be fixed by the developers in one or two days - sometimes simply by requesting more package rebuilds. If you see a dependency problem with yum update on your system for several days in a row, and see no discussion of it on test-list, see below to decide how you should report it or if a report is necessary.
- If there is one error (such as a package depending on an old library) holding you back from a full Rawhide update, you can use yum update --skip-broken to update all other packages. However, make sure the error has been reported to the maintainer of the offending package.
- You might need to disable GPG checking in /etc/yum.conf or the fedora-devel repository in /etc/yum.repos.d if packages are incorrectly signed.
如何报告更新问题
A daily build report of the development tree sent to the fedora-test-list every morning as part of the automated push of packages out to the publicly accessible trees. The daily report contains information about new, removed and updated packages. It also contains a summary of known dependency problems for each arch for which the development tree is built. If you experience any problems updating against the development tree the first thing you should review is the last two or three build reports. If you are seeing a dependency problem summarized in the latest build report, you can be sure the developers are aware of the problem. Package maintainers receive daily emails when their packages are on this list.
Note that the broken dependency list, which is part of the daily rawhide reports, only provides the first layer of dependencies and not the entire list, this saves build time. Unlisted packages might also be affected, but fixed when one or more of the listed packages are rebuilt.
If, however, the problem lingers longer than a few days on your system, and the problem package is not listed in the daily report, that could be an indication that you have run into a situational bug that not everyone is seeing. This is when you can spring into action as a tester and make a difference. But, before you file a new bug report there is a short recipe you can follow to avoid filing unnecessarily. Please remember that test releases exist primarily to help the developers identify problems so they can be fixed in time for release. Unfortunately, reactionary bug filing of duplicate or well known issues can take developer time away from actually fixing issues.
- Read fedora-test-list: Go back into your archives or the web archives for fedora-test-list and read over the threads for the last 48 hours and see if there has been any discussion about the specific update errors you have been seeing. Generally, these sorts of errors are seen by most everyone with similar hardware, so there's a very good chance that other testers are already discussing it. Please don't post a new post to fedora-test-list until after you have reviewed the last 48 hours worth of posts. Having multiple discussions about the same issue is a drain on other testers and developers.
- Search Bugzilla: Search to see if there are any reports about the update issue you have seen.
- Drop a note into fedora-test-list: Please start a new thread only after you have attempted to find a previous discussion of this problem in the test-list or in bugzilla. Other testers can help you confirm the problem. If they can't confirm it they can help you determine if its a configuration problem or user error on your part. The test-list is a great way to obtain assistance from other more experienced testers, but please do what you can to use the archives responsibly to avoid duplication of information and discussion.
- File a new bug report: If the exact nature of the dependency problem during updating is lingering for several days, or if the problem seems specialized to your situation and it doesn't appear that the developer is aware of this problem, file a new bug. If you are unsure how to file, experienced testers in fedora-test-list can make suggestions. Please don't assume its a yum bug. Most dependency issues are packaging bugs in one of the packages detailed in the error messages.
什么是 "降临 Rawhide"?
Rawhide 每天自动从最新的软件包中生成。头一天构建的软件通常第二天会出现在 rawhide 源中。原理上构建过程会完成于美国东部时间午夜 0400/0500 UTC。
什么叫做 Rawhide "push"?
一个 Rawhide push 简单来讲就是一个每天会自动生成的 Rawhide 定制版。如果偶然这个 push 坏了，系统会生成更多的 push。
如何报告发现的 Rawhide 问题?
通过 test 邮件列表或 #fedora-qa[?] IRC 频道。如果是 bug，请报告至 Bugzilla，注意对应版本为 rawhide。
如何获知 Rawhide 的变动?
每天所有变动都会通过邮件发送至 test 和 devel 邮件列表，主题叫做 'rawhide report: <date> changes'。 这些报告会包含被添加/被移除/被更新(附带更新日志)的软件包，还会伴随一个问题损坏依赖关系列表。
一些有用的资源：