Using a Yubikey with Fedora
This document describes how to use a Yubikey to authenticate to your machines running Fedora, how to customize your Yubikey and how to use a Yubikey to authenticate to various web services by means of OpenID.
What is a yubikey?
A Yubikey is a small USB based device that generates one time passwords (OTPs). They are created and sold via a company called Yubico - http://yubico.com/.
For more information about yubikey features, see their product page - http://yubico.com/products/yubikey/
How do I get a yubikey?
You can purchase a yubikey from Yubico's website - http://store.yubico.com/.
Using a Yubikey to authenticate to a machine running Fedora
This part of this document assumes you have a machine running Fedora and you have root access over SSH or through the console. TODO: Add a little something about gdm / kdm based logins below.
First, we need to install the required software. For a machine running Fedora 13, you can install the pam_yubico package by running
su -c "yum install pam_yubico"
Next, we need to configure PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules, the main Linux authentication mechanism) to accept a Yubikey OTP as a means of authentication. For our example setup, we will first accept a Yubikey OTP as 'sufficient'. This means that a Yubikey OTP alone is enough to authenticate a user. Adding the following line to /etc/pam.d/login, right above the line that reads auth include system-auth, will do the trick:
auth sufficient pam_yubico.so debug id=1 authfile=/etc/yubikeys
You can do the same later with /etc/pam.d/sshd, for example. Mind that the debug part is purely so we can see some output, it is not necessary in production use.
So now we have a PAM configuration that'll accept Yubikey OTPs as a means of user authentication. But how to tell it which user is authenticated by what Yubikey's OTPs? That is what the authfile option is for.
The authfile option, though undocumented for the version of pam_yubico that ships with Fedora 13, makes it easy to centrally map certain Yubikeys to certain user accounts. Just create the file /etc/yubikeys and write lines in it like this, mapping users to Yubikey token ID's:
root:cccccccccccc harry:cclcclcclccl joe:llcllcllcllc:lclclclclclc
You can find a key's token ID by creating an OTP with it and taking the first twelve characters. As illustrated above, you can map more than one Yubikey to a single user. It's also possible to map a single Yubikey to more than one user, but that is most often undesirable.
Alternatively, you can allow your users to make their own mappings. Just leave off the authfile option to pam_yubico.so. Tell your users to create a .yubico directory in their home directory and make a mapping file in it called authorized_yubikeys. This and the authfile option are mutually exclusive.
So, let's try it out. Let's start with a console login, because then we can see the nice debug output when we log in.
allow_ypbind boolean first, because pam_yubico needs to be able to connect to Yubico's online authentication servers.
setsebool -P allow_ypbind=1
Also, in order to allow sshd to access /root/.yubico/authorized_yubikeys, you should change its context:
chcon -R system_u:object_r:ssh_home_t:s0 /root/.yubico
Open a console, type one of the usernames you mapped a Yubikey to, press the Yubikey's button and you should be good to go.
For extra security, you can add an extra "url" option to pam_yubico.so line in /etc/pam.d/login and sshd, and use Yubico's authentication servers over HTTPS:
auth sufficient pam_yubico.so id=1 url=https://api.yubico.com/wsapi/verify?id=%d&otp=%s
Lastly, if we want to have multi-factor authentication, we change the pam_yubico.so lines in /etc/pam.d/login and /etc/pam.d/sshd to read 'required' instead of 'sufficient', like below:
auth required pam_yubico.so id=1 url=https://api.yubico.com/wsapi/verify?id=%d&otp=%s
Now you'll be queried for both Yubikey OTP and your normal password at login!
Customizing a Yubikey with Fedora
A Yubikey generates OTPs by encrypting an internally generated string (containing a counter, amongst others) with an AES key. The AES key is stored on the device, together with an identifier and a counter. The complete picture of what is on the key is painted in detail in the Yubikey manual, which you can download at http://yubico.com/files/YubiKey_manual-2.0.pdf.
Before we start, we need to install the appropriate software to customize Yubikeys, by running
su -c "yum install ykpers"
Writing a new static password to the second slot of the key
Newer Yubikeys (the Yubikey 2) have the ability to store two separate configurations. The first is generally used for OTPs, the second for a strong, static password. If the button is pressed shortly, something up to 1.5 seconds, the first configuration is triggered. If the button is pressed longer, in the rango of 2.5 to 5 seconds, the second configuration is triggered.
For this first example we are going to write a new static key to the second configuration of a Yubikey 2.
sudo ykpersonalize -oappend-cr -a123456deadcafebeef65432112345678 -2 -o-man-update
This writes a static key to the Yubikey based on the 32-byte AES key I gave with the -a option. The -2 option tells it to write to the second configuration. The other two options are a matter of personal taste. The append-cr option sends a carriage return as the last character of the key. That way I do not have to press <ENTER> myself. The -man-update option disables easy updating of the static key in the Yubikey. Enabling this will allow for altering the static password without the use of ykpersonalize.
Writing a new AES key to the first slot of the key
If we want to write a new configuration to the first slot of the key, we need to specify some more options. If you want to be able to upload you key to Yubico, in order to authenticate against their servers, remeber what the values are that you use below. You will need them later on.
sudo ykpersonalize -1 -ofixed=vvhhhrhkhgidic -ouid=deadbeefcafe -a123456deadcfaebeef65432112345678 -oappend-cr
The -1 option tells ykpersonalize to use the first configuration. The fixed option specifies the public ID of the Yubikey. This is refered to as the 'prefix' later on, when we go uploading it. The value you use here has to start with 'ff' in hex or 'vv' in modhex (see below at #What is modhex?). Yubico enforces this when you try to upload your key to their servers. The value for the fixed option can be up to 16 characters in length.
As part of the OTP, you can specify an internal identifier for your key. This is what the uid option does. The value is in plain hex, not modhex and exactly 12 character long.
The -a option, again, is the 32-byte AES key and append-cr appends a carriage return to my key as the last character.
When I hit the <ENTER> key, the ykpersonalize program will present me with my options and ask for confirmation before continuing:
Firmware version 2.1.1 Touch level 1795 Program sequence 3 Configuration data to be written to key configuration 1: fixed: m:vvhhhrhkhgidic uid: h:deadbeefcafe key: h:123456deadcfaebeef65432112345678 acc_code: h:000000000000 ticket_flags: APPEND_CR config_flags: Commit? (y/n) [n]:
After pressing 'y', I am able to generate OTPs with my new key!
What is modhex?
When plugged in, the operating system treats the Yubikey as a USB keyboard. USB keyboards send scancodes to the operating system, which the operating system then interprets as keystrokes. The Yubikey has to make sure no ambiguity arises: there are many different kinds of keyboard layouts and the scancodes have to be interpreted as the same character on machines using every random keyboard layout out there. To fix this, the people of Yubico have created 'modhex', which is a modified representation of hexadecimal characters that uses only 'safe' characters. 'Safe' characters are basically characters which have the same scancode on all keyboard layouts.
Uploading the generated AES key to Yubico
If you want to customize your Yubikey's AES key but still want to use it to authenticate through Yubico's servers, you can upload the key through http://www.yubico.com/developers/aeskeys/. You will need to enter the AES key, the prefix, the uid (what we called internal identifier above), your email address and the serial number of your key. Don't through away the little packet in came in!
Using the Yubikey to authenticate to websites
If you want to use your Yubikey to authenticate to websites, you do this at any website that supports OpenID. Yubico has it's own OpenID server at http://openid.yubico.com/. Your Yubikey will work with it out of the box, but it is a bit limited in options.
There is at least one third-party OpenID provider that accepts OpenIDs: clavid, a security solutions provider from Switzerland. Creating an OpenID at their website is free and they accept Yubikeys. Clavid authenticates you at Yubico's servers, but allows you to have several identities, allows multi-factor authentication and has a host of other authentication options apart from the Yubikey.
You can find them at http://www.clavid.com.