Python Eggs
Python packages have started to use setuptools in their package build scripts. Packages which do this provide extra metadata about the package in the form of eggs. This document explains how to package eggs.
Why Eggs
Eggs have several uses including:
- Allowing end users to install eggs not made from rpms or install eggs into their home directories. This is an important feature for people working within a shared hosting environment.
- Giving python packages an easy way to support plugins.
- Giving us a way to support multiple versions of a python module for compat libraries.
What are Eggs
Eggs can be placed on disk in several formats:
- As a module and a file with a .egg-info extension that contains the metadata. Created by distutils in Fedora 9's python2.5.
- As a module and a directory with a .egg-info extension that contains the metadata. Created using the most common invocation of setup.py in our examples below.
- As a directory with a .egg extension that contains the module and egg metadata. Created when we use easy_install -m to allow installing multiple versions of a module.
- As a single zip file with a .egg extension that contains the module and the egg metadata.
In Fedora Packages, these will be installed to %{python_sitelib} or %{python_sitearch} directories.
When to Provide Eggs
Since eggs establish a base of functionality that upstream authors can expect, we need to be sure to include the egg files if a package builds them. Starting with Fedora 9 any package that uses setuptools or distutils will build egg-info. In Fedora 8 or less, only setuptools packages build egg-info. If you need to provide egg-info for a distutils package on Fedora 8 or less, Providing Eggs using Setuptools describes a method of substituting setuptools for distutils in the build process so egg-info is created.
Upstream Eggs
Do not distribute eggs from upstream. In Fedora, all packages must be rebuilt from source. An egg package contains compiled bytecode and may, if it contains a C extension, contain compiled binary extensions as well. These are opaque structures with no guarantee that they were even built from the source distributed with the egg. If you must use an egg from upstream because they do not provide tarballs, you need to include it as a source in your spec, unzip it in %setup, and rebuild from the source files contained within it.
Providing Eggs using Setuptools
When upstream uses setuptools to provide eggs it is very simple to include them in your package. Your spec file will look something like this:
# Must have setuptools to build the package
# The build portions moved to a subpackage in F-8
BuildRequires: python-setuptools-devel
[...]
# --root $RPM_BUILD_ROOT makes the package install with a single, expanded
# directory in %{python_sitelib} and a separate egginfo directory.
%install
%{__python} setup.py install --skip-build --root $RPM_BUILD_ROOT
[...]
%files
[...]
# This captures both the module directory and the egg-info directory
# Something like:
# /usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy
# /usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.3.10-py2.5.egg-info
%{python_sitelib}/*
Providing Eggs for non-setuptools packages
When we need to provide eggs in a non-setuptools package because another package requires that functionality we can modify our spec files to generate the egg-info:
BuildRequires: python-setuptools-devel
[...]
%build
CFLAGS="$RPM_OPT_FLAGS" %{__python} -c 'import setuptools; execfile("setup.py")' build
%install
rm -rf $RPM_BUILD_ROOT
%{__python} -c 'import setuptools; execfile("setup.py")' install --skip-build --root $RPM_BUILD_ROOT
%files
%{python_sitelib}/*egg-info
%{python_sitelib}/[MODULENAME]
By importing setuptools before executing setup.py we override the distutils functions that process the file with their setuptools equivalents. Those functions create the egg-info files.
Multiple Versions
Sometimes we want to keep an old version of a module around for compatibility. When upstream has renamed the module for us, this is a straightforward creation of a new module. For instance, python-psycopg and python-psycopg2.
When upstream doesn't include the version in the name, we have to find another way to parallel install two versions of the package. Eggs give us this ability. The latest version of a package must be installed as the python-MODULENAME and is built using the normal guidelines. The compatibility versions of the module should be named python-$MODULENAME$DISTINGUISHINGVER and be enabled by making these spec file changes:
# Require setuptools as the consumer will need pkg_resources to use this module
Requires: python-setuptools
%build
# Build an egg file that we can then install from
CFLAGS="$RPM_OPT_FLAGS" %{__python} setup.py bdist_egg
%install
rm -rf $RPM_BUILD_ROOT
# Install the egg so that only code that wants this particular version can get it.
mkdir -p $RPM_BUILD_ROOT%{python_sitelib}
easy_install -m --prefix $RPM_BUILD_ROOT%{_usr} dist/*.egg
This creates the python egg under the %{python_sitelib}/*.egg directory. This module is not directly usable via the import statement. Instead, the consuming package must setup the PYTHONPATH to reference the compat version before it imports the module. This can be done in a variety of ways.
- Manually modifying sys.path is quick if the user just wants to try out some code with the old version:
>>> import sys >>> sys.path.insert(0, '/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/CherryPy-2.2.1-py2.5.egg/') >>> import cherrypy
- Using setuptools and easy_install to create "script wrappers" to invoke the programs. Setuptools has you define an entrypoint in the program's module (basically, a main() function) and then writes a script to access that via an option in setup.py.
It is highly recommended that any such compatibility packages install a README.fedora file explaining how to use this module. The file should contain the above examples of how to call the module from code and explain that this is a compat package and that a newer version exists.
There are several other methods of invoking scripts so that they might take the right version but they suffer from various problems. They are listed here because a program you're packaging may use them and you need to know about them if they break. If you mention them in README.fedora, please also add why they are dangerous to use.
pkg_resources.requires('MODULE[VERSIONINFO] '): Does not work with a default version (able to be imported via import MODULE). The setuptools author refuses to remove this limitation and refuses to document that it is a limitation. Therefore you may run across scripts that use this method and need to patch them to use one of the above, supported methods instead.__requires__='MODULE[VERSIONINFO] ': This works but the setuptools author feels that it is only a workaround and will not support it. It works presently but could stop in a future version of setuptools. Some upstreams use this method and may need to be fixed if the setuptools author ever changes the interface.
Egg "Features" to avoid
Eggs provide some features that are to be avoided as part of the packaging process for Fedora. Some of these may provide benefit to our users but should not be used when creating system packages.
- Do not let easy_install download and install packages from the net to add to the build root. This will fail on the build system as well as being bad packaging. Packages which are downloaded are probably missing from your BuildRequires.
Links
- http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/PythonEggs
- http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/setuptools
- http://lists.debian.org/debian-python/2007/09/msg00004.html -- Discussion of eggs in Debian
- http://mail.python.org/pipermail/distutils-sig/2007-September/008181.html -- Discussion of these guidelines on the distutils list