该文档目的在于帮助系统管理员了解 systemd 中可以取代原先 sysvinit 工作流程的命令。如果想要了解 systemd 的一般信息，参阅 systemd。
Note that the 'service' and 'chkconfig' commands will mostly continue to work as expected in the systemd world, this guide is how to use the native systemctl replacements.
Services
| sysvinit Command | systemd Command | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| service frobozz start | systemctl start frobozz.service | Used to start a service (not reboot persistent) |
| service frobozz stop | systemctl stop frobozz.service | Used to stop a service (not reboot persistent) |
| service frobozz restart | systemctl restart frobozz.service | Used to stop and then start a service |
| service frobozz reload | systemctl reload frobozz.service | When supported, reloads the config file without interrupting pending operations. |
| service frobozz condrestart | systemctl condrestart frobozz.service | Restarts if the service is already running. |
| service frobozz status | systemctl status frobozz.service | Tells whether a service is currently running. |
| ls /etc/rc.d/init.d/ | ls /lib/systemd/system/*.service /etc/systemd/system/*.service | Used to list the services that can be started or stopped |
| chkconfig frobozz on | systemctl enable frobozz.service | Turn the service on, for start at next boot, or other trigger. |
| chkconfig frobozz off | systemctl disable frobozz.service | Turn the service off for the next reboot, or any other trigger. |
| chkconfig frobozz | systemctl is-enabled frobozz.service | Used to check whether a service is configured to start or not in the current environment. |
| chkconfig frobozz --list | ls /etc/systemd/system/*.wants/frobozz.service | Used to list what levels this service is configured on or off |
| chkconfig frobozz --add | Not needed, no equivalent. |
Note that all /sbin/service and /sbin/chkconfig lines listed above continue to work on systemd, and will be translated to native equivalents as necessary. The only exception is chkconfig --list.
In SysVinit, services can define arbitrary commands. Examples would be service iptables panic, or service httpd graceful. Native systemd services do not have this ability.
Any service that defines an additional command in this way would need to define some other, service-specific, way to accomplish this task when writing a native systemd service definition.
Check the package-specific release notes for any services that may have done this.Runlevels/targets
Systemd has a concept of targets which serve a similar purpose as runlevels but act a little different. Each target is named instead of numbered and is intended to serve a specific purpose. Some targets are implemented by inheriting all of the services of another target and adding additional services to it. There are systemd targets that mimic the common sysvinit runlevels so you can still switch targets using the familiar telinit RUNLEVEL command. The runlevels that are assigned a specific purpose on vanilla Fedora installs; 0, 1, 3, 5, and 6; have a 1:1 mapping with a specific systemd target. Unfortunately, there's no good way to do the same for the user-defined runlevels like 2 and 4. If you make use of those it is suggested that you make a new named systemd target as /etc/systemd/system/$YOURTARGET that takes one of the existing runlevels as a base (you can look at /lib/systemd/system/graphical.target as an example), make a directory /etc/systemd/system/$YOURTARGET.wants, and then symlink the additional services that you want to enable into that directory. (The service unit files that you symlink live in /lib/systemd/system).
| sysvinit Runlevel | systemd Target | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | runlevel0.target, poweroff.target | Halt the system. |
| 1, s, single | runlevel1.target, rescue.target | Single user mode. |
| 2, 4 | runlevel2.target, runlevel4.target, multi-user.target | User-defined/Site-specific runlevels. By default, identical to 3. |
| 3 | runlevel3.target, multi-user.target | Multi-user, non-graphical. Users can usually login via multiple consoles or via the network. |
| 5 | runlevel5.target, graphical.target | Multi-user, graphical. Usually has all the services of runlevel 3 plus a graphical login. |
| 6 | runlevel6.target, reboot.target | Reboot |
| emergency | emergency.target | Emergency shell |
Changing runlevels:
| sysvinit Command | systemd Command | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| telinit 3 | systemctl isolate multi-user.target (OR systemctl isolate runlevel3.target OR telinit 3) | Change to multi-user run level. |
| sed s/^id:.*:initdefault:/id:3:initdefault:/ | ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target | Set to use multi-user runlevel on next reboot. |