本页阐述了如何制作一张基于 Fedora 系统（包括派生发行版，例如 RHEL , CentOS )的定制版 Live CD 或 DVD .
如果您只是想把一个预制 ISO 写入光盘, 请查看 http://fedoraproject.org/en/get-fedora 下载一个 LiveCD 或 LiveDVD, 然后在 install guide 或 burning how-to 查看进一步的说明.
在 project wiki 查看更多的详情. 该项目的讨论在 http://admin.fedoraproject.org/mailman/listinfo/livecd.
该项目和它的源文件支持 GPLv2 许可证. 查看该文件的拷贝获取详情.
创建一个 Live 镜像
要创建一个 Live 镜像, 要用到 livecd-creator 工具. 需要超级用户权限. 这个工具多少有点自己的记录, 用 --help 查看它的选项.
livecd-creator 是 livecd-tools 包的一部分. 如果您的系统没有安装, 用下面的命令安装:
su -c 'yum install livecd-tools spin-kickstarts'
如果您对本地化 Live CD 文件感兴趣, 还要安装 l10n-kickstarts.
livecd-creator 是怎样工作的
简而言之, livecd-creator 程序
- 为 ext3 文件系统新建一个文件，文件系统中包含了构成 Live CD 的所有数据.
- Loopback mounts that file into the file system so there is an installation root
- Bind mounts certain kernel file systems (/dev, /dev/pts, /proc, /sys, /selinux) inside the installation root
- Uses a configuration file to define the requested packages and default configuration options. The format of this file is the same as is used for installing a system via kickstart.
- Installs, using yum, the requested packages into the installation using the given repositories in the kickstart file
- Optionally runs scripts as specified by the live CD configuration file.
- Relabels the entire installation root (for SELinux)
- Creates a live CD specific initramfs that matches the installed kernel
- Unmounts the kernel file systems mounted inside the installation root
- Unmounts the installation root
- Creates a squashfs file system containing only the default ext3/4 file (compression)
- Configures the boot loader
- Creates an iso9660 bootable CD/DVD
Live image Configuration Files
The configuration of the live image is defined by a file that uses the same format as installing a system via kickstart. They can include some basic system configuration items, the package manifest and a script to be run at the end of the build process.
For the Fedora project, the two most important live image configurations files are
- fedora-live-minimization.ks : The base live image system (included in the 'livecd-tools' package)
- fedora-live-desktop.ks : Complete desktop with applications and input/output support for all supported locales in Fedora (this one is part of the 'spin-kickstarts' package)
kickstart files for other spins (e.g. Fedora Electronics Lab) can be found in /usr/share/spin-kickstarts/ after installing the 'spin-kickstarts' package
Set SELinux to permissive mode
SELinux should be in permissive mode for livecd-creator to work. Run the following as root user first before attempting to create a live cd or dvd.
setenforce 0
Making a 32-bit spin ISO on a 64-bit machine
If you have an x86_64 machine you're building on but you want a 32-bit happy iso image, add the following before your livecd-creator command:
setarch i686 livecd-creator [...]
Example: Spinning the Fedora Desktop Live CD
Note that because of the way livecd-creator works, it is not possible to choose a different set of packages or a different filesystem during installation. Assuming that you use the fedora-live-desktop.ks configuration file, then the following command:
livecd-creator \ --config=/usr/share/doc/livecd-tools-<version>/livecd-fedora-desktop.ks \ --fslabel=Fedora-LiveCD --cache=/var/cache/live
or
livecd-creator \ --config=/usr/share/spin-kickstarts/fedora-livecd-desktop.ks \ --fslabel=Fedora-LiveCD --cache=/var/cache/live
will create a live CD called "Fedora-LiveCD".
The name given by --fs-label is used:
- as a file system label on the ext3 and iso9660 file systems (As such, it's visible on the desktop as the CD name)
- in the isolinux boot loader.
If you have the repositories available locally and don't want to wait for the download of packages, just substitute the URLs listed in the configuration file to point to your local repositories.
Example: A Barebones Live CD
The command
livecd-creator \ --config=/usr/share/doc/livecd-tools-<version>/livecd-fedora-minimal.ks --cache=/var/cache/live
will create a live CD that will boot to a login prompt.
Since no configuration is done, the user will not be able to login to the system as the root password is not set/cleared.
Testing your Live CD using KVM or qemu
As root:
qemu-kvm -m 512 -cdrom filename.iso
If you do not have KVM support, you can use qemu instead
qemu -m 512 --cdrom filename.iso
Replace filename.iso with the name of your created Live CD image.
Live image Installs
As of Fedora 7, anaconda has support for doing an installation from a live image. To use this, double click on the Install to Hard Drive item on the desktop or run
/usr/bin/liveinst
if you don't have such an icon.
Live Image Media Verification
The live image can incorporate functionality to verify itself. To do so, you need to have isomd5sum installed both on the system used for creating the image and installed into the image. This is so that the implantisomd5 and checkisomd5 utilities can be used. These utilities take advantage of embedding an md5sum into the application area of the iso9660 image. This then gets verified before mounting the real root filesystem.
Using Live Images from USB Media
USB sticks are becoming increasingly prevalent and are a nice way to use live images. You can take a live CD or DVD iso image and transform it so that it can be used on a USB stick. To do so, use the livecd-iso-to-disk script:
/usr/bin/livecd-iso-to-disk /path/to/live.iso /dev/sdb1
Replace /dev/sdb1 with the (unmounted) partition where you wish to put the live image. This is not a destructive process; any data you currently have on your USB stick will be preserved.
Additional information available at How to create and use Live USB.
Other Resources
- A Fedora Classroom class covering creating Fedora remixes.
- If you are distributing your spin you need to be concerned about trademark usage and GPL responsibilities.