In Fedora, the package versioning scheme (which encompasses both the Version: and Release: tags, as well as Epoch:) balances two separate goals:
- To provide information about the version of the packaged software to users. When a package version does not correspond directly to the upstream version of the software, some useful information is conveyed such as the date a snapshot was taken or whether a pre- or post-release version has been packaged.
- To ensure proper ordering between updates to a package within a Fedora release, as well as between Fedora releases. Within a release, Fedora does not allow package versions to go backwards, so the versioning scheme must produce successive versions which increase monotonically, even if the upstream versions don't have this property when compared using RPM's version comparison function. The versioning scheme also ensures that for a package built at the same time for two different Fedora releases, the version in the newer release sorts higher than the version in the older release.
Fedora's versioning scheme must adapt to whatever scheme any upstream developer may choose for versioning their software, while at the same time preserving the two goals above.
The Epoch: tag, which provides the most significant input to RPM's version comparison function, SHOULD ONLY be used or incremented when necessary to avoid ordering issues. If present, it MUST contain a positive integer. Epoch: MUST NOT ever be decreased in any way.
Some definitions
Note that upstreams may each have their own terminology and it is in general impossible to define these terms with complete generality. For some upstreams, every commit is itself considered a version. Many upstreams never make releases, instead just letting users take whatever is in the code repository at any given time.
- release version
- A version of the software which upstream has decided to release. The act of releasing the software can be as simple as adding a git tag. This includes so-called "point releases" or "patchlevels" which some upstreams make, since those are actually assigned versions and released.
- snapshot
- An archive taken from upstream's source code control system which is not associated with any release version.
- prerelease version
- Before a release happens, many upstreams will decide which version that will release will have, and then produce "alphas", "betas", "release candidates", or the like which carry that new version but indicate that the release of that version has not yet been made. These we call prerelease versions. Any snapshots made while upstream is preparing for their release are also considered prerelease versions.
- postrelease version
- Any version which happens after a particular release is technically "post-release", but before upstream begins making prereleases for the next version, any snapshot is considered a postrelease version.
- non-sorting version sequence
- A sequence of version strings which is not ordered in the same way that RPM's version comparison function would order it. RPM has a somewhat complicated version comparison function which it will use to determine if a package is "newer". If upstream's idea of what constitutes a "newer" version differs from RPM's implementation then simply using upstream's versions directly will result in updates which don't actually update any packages.
Examples
Examples of many possible versioning scenarios are available from Package Versioning Examples.
Simple versioning
Most upstream versioning schemes are "simple"; they generate versions like "1.2.03.007p1". They consists of one or more version components, separated by periods. Each component is a whole number, potentially with leading zeroes. The rightmost component can also include one or more ASCII letters, upper or lower case. The value of a component must *never* be reduced (to a value which sorts lower) without a component somewhere to the left increasing. Note that the version sequence ("1.4a", "1.4b", "1.4") does not meet this criterion, as "4" sorts lower than "4b". The sequence ("1.4", "1.4a", "1.4b") is, however, simple.
This is a very common versioning scheme, and the vast majority of software projects use something which works like this.
To package release versions of software using this versioning scheme:
- Use the upstream verbatim in the
Version:tag. Don't trim leading zeroes. - Use a
Release:tag starting with 1 (never 0). Append the Dist tag. Increment the release (by 1) for each update you make. Reset to 1 whenever you changeVersion:.
More complex versioning
There are several ways in which the simple scheme might not work in a particular situation:
- Upstream has never chosen a version; only snapshots are available for packaging.
- Upstream simply doesn't use a version scheme which orders properly under RPM's version comparison operation.
- You wish to package a prerelease version (snapshot or otherwise).
- You wish to package a postrelease snapshot.
- Upstream was thought to be following one scheme but then changed in a way that can't be sorted.
- You need to apply a small fix to a release branch of Fedora without updating the newer branches.
- More than one of the above may apply (lucky you). Follow all of the relevant recommendations below together.
The methods for dealing with most of these issues involves potentially removing some information from the Version: tag while imposing additional structure onto the Release: tag. There are potentially three fields which comprise the structured Release: tag:
- package release number (
<pkgrel>) - extra version information (
<extraver>) - snapshot information (
<snapinfo>) - minor release bump (
<minorbump>)
The package release number MUST always be present while the others may or may not be depending on the situation.
Those items which are present are combined (with periods to separate them) to construct the final Release: tag. In the usual notation where square brackets indicate that an item is optional:
<pkgrel>[.<extraver>][.<snapinfo>]%{?dist}[.<minorbump>]
The actual values to be used for those three fields are situational and are referenced in the sections below. Note that your particular situation might not result in the use of <extraver> or <snapinfo>, and in most situations <minorbump> won't be used at all. Simply do not include those which you don't have.
Upstream has never chosen a version
When upstream has never chosen a version, you MUST use Version: 0. "0" sorts lower than any other possible value that upstream might choose. And if upstream does choose to release "version 0" then you can immediately move to using Release: 1%{?dist} with no ordering issues.
Upstream uses invalid characters in the version
It's possible that upstream uses characters besides ASCII letters (upper and lower case), digits and periods in its version. They must be removed and potentially replaced with valid characters. Any such alterations MUST be documented in the specfile. It is not possible to cover all potential situations here, so it is left to the packager to alter the upstream versioning scheme consistently.
After altering the version to be free of invalid characters, see #Unsortable versions below if the modifications, when applied to successive releases from upstream, will not order properly.
Unsortable versions
When upstream uses a versioning scheme that does not sort properly, first see if there is any portion which can be removed from the right side of the version string such that the remainder is sortable. This is often possible if upstream uses a sequence like ("1.2pre1", "1.2pre1", "1.2final"). If so, use the removed portion as "extra version information" above, and the remainder as the package version. If this splitting left a leading or trailing periods from either value, remove them.
If this is not possible, use Version: 0 and move the _entire_ version string into "extra version information".
Snapshots
All snapshots MUST contain a snapshot information field (<snapinfo>) in the Version: tag. That field must at minimum consist of the date in eight-digit "YYYYMMDD" format. The packager MAY include up to 17 characters of additional information after the date. The following formats are suggested:
YYYYMMDD.<revision>YYYYMMDD<scm><revision>
Where <scm> is a short string identifying the source code control system upstream uses (e.g. "git", "svn", "hg") or the string "snap". <revision> is either a short git commit hash, a subversion revision number, or something else useful in identifying the precise revision in upstream's source code control system. Obviously if CVS is used, no such revision information exists, so it would be omitted, but otherwise it SHOULD be included.
Prerelease versions
Instead of using a simple Version: tag and overloading <pkgrel>, instead pkgrel stays simple and Version: gets the complexity. There are two options here: one which forces the use of an integer to force sortability of the prerelease information. The other leaves it optional. I've gone for the optional route because the general case looks cleaner, but this isn't my proposal so....
In the Version: tag, use the following construction: <nextversion>~<prerelease>. That is a literal tilde ( ~) which instructs RPM to sort this Version: immediately before a package with the same version but no tilde.
<nextversion>should contain the version which upstream has decided this line of development will become once it has been released.<prerelease>should contain a string which upstream has chosen to version the prereleases in this line of development. Usually this will be something like "alpha3" or "pre2", and may need to be altered such that it includes no invalid characters. (See above.)
Note that values for <prerelease> must form a sortable sequence. If you are not sure that your upstream will maintain sortability, you can form <prerelease> by prepending a positive integer: <integer>.<unsortable>.
Release and post-release versions
For the <pkgrel> field of the Release: tag, use an integer beginning with 1 and increasing for each revision of the package. Release and post-release versions MUST use a Release: tag greater than or equal to 1.
Upstream makes unsortable changes
It is possible that upstream simply adopts a different versioning scheme, fails to follow an expected pattern, or even simply resets their version to some lower value. If none of the above operations can help with giving a version which sorts properly, or give you a version which simply sorts lower than the packages already in Fedora, then you have little recourse but to increment the Epoch: tag, or to begin using it by adding Epoch: 1. At the same time, try to work with upstream to hopefully minimize the need to involve Epoch: in the future.
You need to change an old branch without rebuilding the others
Sometimes, you may find yourself in a situation where an older branch needs a fix, but the newer branches are fine. For example, if pkg = 1.0-1%{?dist} in F40 and F41, and only F40 needs a fix. Normally, you would need to bump the release in each of the branches to ensure that F40 < F41, but that is a waste of time and energy for the newer branches which do not need to be touched.
In this case, you MAY set <minorbump to an in integer beginning with '1' and increasing by one for each minor bump you need to do. Remove <minorbump> once you are able to increase the package release normally without introducing ordering issues.
Rawhide is allowed to lag temporarily
A package MAY temporarily have a lower EVR in Rawhide when compared to a release branch of Fedora ONLY in the case where the package fails to build in Rawhide. This permits important updates to be pushed to existing Fedora releases regardless of the current state of Rawhide.