Generic instructions
The following installation steps are applicable to most hardware.
If your machine is listed in the #Machine-specific instructions section below, make sure you check out the corresponding page first, as it might contain important information that (partially or completely) supersedes what's written here.
Media preparation
Downloading the disk image
Disk images can be obtained from:
As of this writing, the most recent disk image is:
The file you've just downloaded will be referred to as IMAGE.raw.xz below.
A matching IMAGE.raw.xz.sha256 file is also provided: this allows you to validate the integrity of your download.
Writing the disk image to the target media
The disk image is intended to work regardless of the type of media it's written to: SD cards, USB sticks, NVMe and SATA drives are all known to work. NVMe is preferred, if available on your machine, because it performs the best, but you can choose whatever is more suitable to you. SD cards, for example, are great when you want to test a disk image without affecting your existing installation.
The disk image comes compressed, so the first step after downloading it is to uncompress it:
$ unxz IMAGE.raw.xz
The compressed IMAGE.raw.xz file will be replaced by the uncompressed IMAGE.raw file. The latter is the one that can be written to the target media.
There are several tools that can be used for writing the disk image. dd is perhaps the most common option:
$ sudo dd iflag=fullblock oflag=direct status=progress bs=4M if=IMAGE.raw of=/dev/TARGET
Replace /dev/TARGET with the name of the actual target device. Please be extremely careful and ensure that you're using the correct name here: if you get it wrong, you risk destroying your current OS.
balenaEtcher is another popular option. It's a user-friendly GUI that should make it a lot harder to mess things up.
First boot
Once the disk image has been written to the target media, you can pop that into your machine and power it on.
The process of getting the firmware to boot from the media is machine-specific and can't be documented in a generic fashion. It usually helps if only one media is connected to the machine at any given time.
Assuming everything is fine, after a few seconds you should see the usual Linux boot messages scroll by on the serial console.
The boot might appear to hang after a while. Please be patient and give it some time; eventually, initial-setup should show up. This is what it will look like:
================================================================================
================================================================================
1) [ ] Language settings 2) [x] Time settings
(Language is not set.) (America/New_York timezone)
3) [x] Network configuration 4) [!] Root password
(Connected: enp1s0) (Root account is disabled)
5) [!] User creation
(No user will be created)
Please make a selection from the above ['c' to continue, 'q' to quit, 'r' to refresh]:
While all items should be functional, it is mandatory to complete either 4) [!] Root password or 5) [!] User creation. You will not be able to log into the machine at all otherwise.
Post-installation tasks
Enable the performance CPU governor
The default CPU governor is schedutils, which scales the CPU frequency dynamically. If you want to squeeze every last bit of performance out of your machine, you might want to switch to the performance CPU governor. To do so, simply run:
$ sudo grubby --update-kernel=ALL --args=cpufreq.default_governor=performance
A reboot is necessary for the change to take effect.
Machine-specific instructions
While the information above is generally applicable, some machines require additional or even completely different steps.